
1800–1899
The predominantly Muslim Maranao people of the southern Philippines developed a rich material culture—including brass work, textiles, weaponry, and architecture—commonly featuring a curvilinear, geometric ornament known as okir. This helmet, while based on Spanish types, features filigree vents and openwork embellishment that are distinctively Mindanao. The top might once have been decorated with feathers or other ornaments.