Untitled (Black Hunter)

The secretive character of this box and its kinetic elements render it particularly resistant to reproduction. Cornell chose four photographic images of a man shooting a gun, presumably taken in quick sequence, as in early photographic experiments in investigating motion, which he photostated and arranged vertically. They are slightly tilted into an arc, with the size of the image reduced toward the top, giving an impression of recession. The movement within this box is clearly related to film. Cornell wrote two movie scenarios, one of which, Monsieur Phot (1933), was published in Julien Levy’s Surrealism (New York, 1936, pp. 77–88). Monsieur Phot shows a sophisticated sense of film’s potential for transforming its material and creating a kind of technical fantasy through such devices as montage and dissolve. Its atmosphere is an ambiguous mixture of slapstick and dream, characteristic of such Surrealist films as Un Chien Andalou by Salvador Dalí and Luis Bunuel (1929). The scenes shift swiftly; Diane Waldman summarized one sequence, in which the reflection of chandeliers in a mirror "becomes the chandeliers, in the interior of a ‘large, sumptuous glass and china establishment’ … through which a pheasant of gorgeous plumage flies as if through the ‘branches of his native wood.’ Suddenly, in a dream scene of considerable symbolic significance, revolver shots ring out, shattering the glass into a million crystal fragments … The suggestions of action, especially the sequences involving the pheasant and revolver shots, coalesce in a concentration of 1939, Black Hunter, one of Cornell’s earliest experiments with movement" (Waldman 1977, p. 18; quotations within quotation from Monsieur Phot, in Levy 1936, pp. 83–84). Both the scenario and the box itself echo Rene Clair’s Dada film Entr’acte of 1924, especially in the latter’s “hunting sequence,” where the target continually and magically changes. In its imagery of birds, balls, glass, and mirrors, Monsieur Phot also prefigured many of Cornell’s later themes and materials. The enclosed blackness or the box evokes the dark interior of the cinema, Cornell’s and the Surrealists’ favorite lieu d’enchantment (place of enchantment). The touches or brilliant red provide a theatrical and fittingly violent note. Julien Levy, who first met Cornell in November of 1931, when the artist brought a sheaf of his collages to Levy’s gallery, remembered suggesting on this occasion that Cornell might"try working in the round? Maybe add some motion, some mobility? Look. Here’s a photograph of a man with a gun.’ I pointed to one of the sepia prints on the wall behind me. ‘and here’s a partridge. One could paste them at two ends of a shadow box. Build a little sloping alley and let a bullet, or a ball bearing roll between them.’ I glanced at him, but you would never know from his expression whether he was considering or resenting another’s idea (Julien Levy, Memoirs of an Art Gallery, New York, 1977, p.78). Whether or not Cornell took the idea of the box with movable parts at this moment from Levy is impossible to say; certainly Levy’s suggestion does seem to foreshadow the construction of this box. — Entry, Dawn Ades, Surrealist Art: The Lindy and Edwin Bergman Collection at the Art Institute of Chicago, 1997, p. 36-37.