Cupid Chastised

Cupid Chastised depicts a moment of high drama: Mars, the god of war, violently whips the young boy, Cupid, as punishment for embroiling the god in an affair with the boy’s mother, Venus, the goddess of love. Venus tries in vain to stop the beating. Surrounded by darkness, the three figures are boldly illuminated from the left, intensifying the composition’s dynamism and impact. The physicality of the figures conveys the violent discord of the scene: the crouching, wide-eyed Venus; the furious, muscular Mars; and Cupid, whose naked flesh and recumbent position render him particularly vulnerable. On one level a tale of interpersonal conflict, the story also symbolizes the eternal conflict between love and war. Bartolomeo Manfredi chose to depict ordinary individuals in scenes from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. In so doing, he was following the example of the revolutionary early seventeenth-century artist Caravaggio, who had demonstrated to an entire generation of European artists that such lofty themes could be transformed into events experienced by ordinary people. Manfredi began his career as an artist in Rome by producing copies of Caravaggio’s works, including a painting (now lost) that likely inspired Cupid Chastised, commissioned by Caravaggio’s first major patron, the influential collector Cardinal Francesco Maria del Monte. Manfredi carried the Caravaggesque style forward, assimilating and adapting elements of the older artist’s approach, like the naturalistic portrayal of studio models in mythological roles and the dramatic contrast of light and shadow, known in Italian as chiaroscuro.